Catching Tumor Cells with Magnetized Wires

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The 411: A magnetized wire able to detect cancer cells in blood could offer an earlier detection than current blood tests for the disease.

Found on: https://www.livescience.com/63078-magnetic-wire-cancer-diagnosis.html

Credit: Shutterstock

Scientists think that magnets could be utilized in the body to detect tumor cells that other diagnostic techniques might miss.

Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine created a magnetic wire that could, in theory, be inserted into a person's vein, where it could snatch up tumor cells that had been magnetized by special nanoparticles. 

The device hasn't yet been tested in people, but the researchers found that, in pigs, the magnetic wire detected 10 to 80 times more floating tumor cells in the blood than a typical blood draw could. The results were published July 16 in the journal Nature Biomedical Engineering.

The tumor cells that the magnetic wire picks up are known as circulating tumor cells. These are cells that split off from tumors and float through the bloodstream. By drawing blood and looking for tumor cells, doctors may be able to screen for cancer. (This type of cancer screening is called a liquid biopsy.)

The problem is that "these circulating tumor cells are so few that if you just take a regular blood sample, those test tubes likely won't even have a single circulating tumor cell in them," Dr. Sanjiv Sam Gambhir, director of the Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, said in a statement. "So doctors end up saying 'Okay, nothing's there.'"

In the study, the researchers first tagged free-floating tumor cells in pigs with a special nanoparticle that contains magnetic properties. (In other words, they attached this magnetic molecule to the tumor cells.) Then, they inserted the wire — which is as long as a pinky finger and as thick as a paper clip — into a vein near the pig's ear, according to the study. (This vein in pigs is similar to the veins in a human's arm.) When the magnetized tumor cells floated past the wire, they stuck to it. Finally, the magnetic wire was  removed from the vein, tumor cells and all.

The researchers found that, compared with a typical blood draw, the magnetic wire was more effective at finding these cancer cells. And compared with a previous commercial wire-based method of detection, their new device found 500 to 5,000 more tumor cells.

"We estimate that it would take about 80 tubes of blood to match what the wire is able to sample in 20 minutes," Gambhir said. "So, we're hoping this approach will enrich our detection capability and give us better insight into just how rare these circulating tumor cells are, and how early on they exist once the cancer is present."

In the future, the researchers think the device could be used to not only diagnose cancer but also figure out if a treatment is working, or even serve as treatment itself. "If we can get this thing to be really good at sucking up cancer cells, you might consider an application where you leave the wire in longer term," Gambhir said. "That way, it almost acts like a filter that grabs the cancer cells and prevents them from spreading to other parts of the body."

Still, much more research is needed to determine whether the device works in humans. It also remains unclear what happens to the leftover magnetic nanoparticles in the body. According to Gambhir, they are testing this currently in mice and have found that so far, the nanoparticles aren't toxic and that they degrade within a few weeks.